Author: qnasb27

Cytopathology assists in diagnosing thyroid disorders by analyzing cells obtained from thyroid nodules through fine needle aspiration (FNA). This analysis helps differentiate between benign and malignant...

Challenges with fine needle aspiration (FNA) include obtaining an adequate sample, interpreting results accurately, and potential complications like bleeding or infection. The procedure's success also...

Liquid-based cytology plays a significant role in modern diagnostics by improving the quality and accuracy of cell analysis. In this technique, cell samples are suspended in a liquid medium, which helps...

Cytopathology contributes to the evaluation of body fluids by analyzing cells obtained from samples like cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, or peritoneal fluid. This analysis helps diagnose conditions...

Cytopathology analyzes individual cells or small clusters from fluids or smears, focusing on cell morphology. Histopathology examines larger tissue samples, which are fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned,...

The primary symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include irregular menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), acne, and obesity. Additionally, women with PCOS may experience thinning...

Endometriosis is diagnosed through pelvic exams, imaging tests (like ultrasound or MRI), and laparoscopy with biopsy. Common complications include chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ovarian cysts (endometriomas),...

Risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy include a history of ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), fallopian tube surgery, fertility...

A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test, helps in the early detection of cervical cancer by identifying precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. During the procedure, a healthcare provider collects...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a crucial role in the development of cervical cancer. HPV is a group of viruses, some of which are classified as high-risk types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18. These high-risk...

Immunocytochemistry in cytopathology is used to detect specific proteins or antigens in cells, aiding in cancer diagnosis, identifying cell origins, and assessing disease progression.

Common artifacts in cytopathology include air-drying, background debris, smear irregularities, and fixation issues. They can be avoided by promptly fixing specimens, using clean techniques, and applying...

Diverticulitis is an inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that can form in the wall of the colon. These pouches develop due to increased pressure within the colon and can become inflamed...

Common symptoms of diverticulitis include: - Abdominal pain, often on the lower left side - Fever - Nausea and vomiting - Changes in bowel habits (e.g., constipation or diarrhea) - Bloating and...

Diverticulitis develops when pouches in the colon become inflamed or infected, often due to trapped fecal matter, increased pressure in the colon, or a low-fiber diet.

Diverticulitis is diagnosed through: 1. Medical History and Physical Exam: Assessment of symptoms and physical examination. 2. Imaging Tests: CT scans, ultrasounds, or X-rays to visualize the inflamed...

Risk factors for diverticulitis include age, a low-fiber diet, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and certain medications.

Diverticulosis is the presence of small, bulging pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall, usually without symptoms. Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected, causing symptoms...

Typical treatments for mild diverticulitis include antibiotics, a clear liquid diet, pain management, and rest.

Surgery for diverticulitis might be necessary if: 1. Recurrent Episodes: Frequent or severe attacks despite medication. 2. Complications: Complications such as abscesses, perforation, or peritonitis....