What is emphysema, and how does it affect the lungs?

Emphysema is a chronic lung condition where the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs become damaged and enlarged, leading to reduced lung function. This damage impairs the lungs’ ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively. As a result, individuals with emphysema often experience difficulty breathing, a reduced ability to engage in physical activity, and chronic cough. It is most commonly caused by long-term smoking or exposure to lung irritants.