What are the most effective non-surgical treatments for managing osteoarthritis pain?

Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help reduce pain and inflammation. Topical analgesics and prescription medications may also be used.

Physical Therapy: Customized exercise programs improve joint function, strength, and flexibility, while manual therapy can alleviate pain and stiffness.

Weight Management: Reducing excess weight lessens stress on weight-bearing joints, potentially easing pain and slowing disease progression.

Exercise: Low-impact activities such as swimming, cycling, and walking can enhance joint mobility and strengthen muscles around the joints.

Hot and Cold Therapy: Applying heat or cold packs can help manage pain and reduce inflammation.

Assistive Devices: Using braces, orthotics, or canes can help reduce joint strain and improve mobility.

Diet and Nutrition: An anti-inflammatory diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and other nutrients may help manage symptoms.

Complementary Therapies: Techniques such as acupuncture, massage therapy, and supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin may provide symptom relief for some individuals.