Target cells are formed due to:

b. Decrease in surface area due to lipid loss

Target cells, or leptocytes, are formed due to a decrease in surface area relative to cell volume, often as a result of lipid loss. This can occur in various conditions, including certain anemias and liver disease.

Target cells (or codocytes) are red blood cells with a characteristic bullseye appearance. They are formed due to a combination of factors:

• Increase in surface area due to lipid gain: This can lead to an excess of membrane relative to the volume of the cell.
• Decrease in surface area due to lipid loss: This can also affect the cell’s shape and structure.
• Weakening of skeletal protein: This can lead to a loss of membrane integrity, contributing to the formation of the target cell shape.

All these factors can contribute to the formation of target cells.so the option is answer d all of these

Increase in surface area due to lipid gain Explanation- If the surface area of a red blood cell is enlarged disproportionately to its volume, target cells arise. Red blood cells, which are exceedingly thin and contain an extensive cell membrane, are the target cells.