How is dysmenorrhea treated, and what underlying conditions might it indicate?

Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, can be treated with:

1. Pain relief medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or naproxen, or prescription medications.
2. Hormonal contraceptives: Birth control pills, patches, or rings to reduce menstrual cramps and bleeding.
3. Heat therapy: Applying heat to the lower abdomen to relax uterine muscles.
4. Relaxation techniques: Stress management, meditation, or deep breathing exercises.
5. Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, balanced diet, and adequate sleep.