How are serological tests utilized in blood typing?

Serological tests are essential in blood typing to:

1. Determine ABO blood group: Identify the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells (RBCs) using anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

2. Determine Rh blood type: Detect the presence or absence of the RhD antigen on RBCs using anti-Rh antibodies.

3. Identify other blood groups: Detect antigens like Kell, Duffy, and MNS using specific antibodies.

4. Screen for antibodies: Identify unexpected antibodies in the plasma of recipients or donors, ensuring compatibility.