Written by Cytopathology helps diagnose thyroid nodules by analyzing fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy samples. It identifies cellular abnormalities, such as atypical or cancerous cells, distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions, and guides further treatment decisions.
Cytological hallmarks of tuberculosis infection include the presence of caseating granulomas, Langhans giant cells, and necrotic tissue in cytology samples. Acid-fast bacilli may also be identified using special staining techniques.
Liquid-based cytology in cervical cancer screening involves collecting cells from the cervix into a liquid preservative. This method helps to reduce contamination, improves cell preservation, and allows for better detection of abnormal cells compared to traditional Pap smears.
Common signs of respiratory distress in infants include rapid or shallow breathing, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions (pulling in of the chest), cyanosis (bluish skin), and restlessness. Seek medical attention if these symptoms are present.
Kawasaki disease is diagnosed based on clinical criteria, including prolonged fever and symptoms like rash, conjunctivitis, and swelling of hands/feet. Management involves high-dose aspirin and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to reduce inflammation and prevent heart complications.
At 6 months, recommended vaccinations typically include the second doses of DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), IPV (polio), and PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate). The influenza vaccine may also be given annually.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body doesn’t produce insulin, requiring insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and is often associated with obesity, managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications.
A simple febrile seizure is brief (less than 15 minutes), generalized, and occurs once within a 24-hour period. A complex febrile seizure lasts longer, is focal, or recurs frequently within 24 hours, requiring further medical evaluation.
By age 2, children typically walk independently, run, climb, and use stairs with support. They start to use simple sentences, follow simple instructions, show interest in play with others, and can point to body parts or objects.
To manage acute gastroenteritis in children, ensure proper hydration using oral rehydration solutions. Provide a bland diet, avoid sugary or fatty foods, and monitor for dehydration. In severe cases, medical treatment may be required for fluids and electrolyte balance.