Target cells are formed due to:

Target cells (or codocytes) are red blood cells with a characteristic bullseye appearance. They are formed due to a combination of factors:

• Increase in surface area due to lipid gain: This can lead to an excess of membrane relative to the volume of the cell.
• Decrease in surface area due to lipid loss: This can also affect the cell’s shape and structure.
• Weakening of skeletal protein: This can lead to a loss of membrane integrity, contributing to the formation of the target cell shape.

All these factors can contribute to the formation of target cells.so the option is answer d all of these